NHWP+Unit+9

= **Grammar** Points: =

**[1] Present Continuous (doing) Vs Future Simple (going to do) Vs Future Simple (will do) **
Language point: Present Continuous for future arrangements  Planned Future actions Future Forms 1 Future Forms 2 Future Forms 3
 * Ask about English:**

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[2] Conditional and Time Clauses
A time clause begins with ‘when’, ‘as soon as’, ‘before’ and ‘after’. The construction form is the same as the first conditional for the future.

//We'll begin as soon as he arrives. She will join the club when she's ready.//

Clauses that refer to future time are formed with the verb in the PRESENT tense:

When I __**finish**__ my lunch, we will play golf. After we __**play**__ golf, we are going to go to a party. As soon as we __**arrive**__ at the party, they will put the steaks on. Before we __**eat**__ our steaks, we will sit around and talk. Until the party __**ends**__, there will be plenty of food. (More on Future Time Clauses)  Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 4 Quiz

[3] First Conditional
**We use the First Conditional to talk about future events that are likely to happen. **
 * //If we take John, he'll be really pleased. //
 * //If you give me some money, I'll pay you back tomorrow. //
 * //If they tell us they want it, we'll have to give it to them. //
 * //If Mary comes, she'll want to drive. //


 * The 'if' clause can be used with different present forms. **
 * //If I go to New York again, I'll buy you a souvenir from the Empire State Building. //
 * //<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">If he's feeling better, he'll come. //
 * //<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">If she hasn't heard the bad news yet, I'll tell her. //


 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">The "future clause" can contain 'going to' or the future perfect as well as 'will'. **
 * //<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">If I see him, I'm going to tell him exactly how angry I am. //
 * //<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">If we don't get the contract, we'll have wasted a lot of time and money. //


 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">The "future clause" can also contain other modal verbs such as 'can' and 'm **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">ust'.
 * //<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">If you go to New York, you must have the cheesecake in Lindy's. //
 * //<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">If he comes, you can get a lift home with him. //

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 4 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Activity 5 Activity 6 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Activity 7 Activity 8 <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;"> Activity 9 Activity 10 <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">

<span style="color: #000080; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">[4] Linking Words
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Linking words are essential for your writing to be natural and clear. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Linking devices vary in three ways: <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**1. Position in the text.** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Some linking words normally form a link between clauses WITHIN a sentence. It is bad style to start a sentence with these words: <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">and but so because then until such as <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">are examples of this type of linking word. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Another type of linking device is used to form a link BETWEEN sentences. These words must start with a capital letter and are usually immediately followed by a comma: <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Furthermore, Moreover, However, Nevertheless, Therefore, In conclusion, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">are used in this way. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Most linking words, however, can either start a sentence or form a link between sentences. The choice is up to the writer. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**2. The function of linking words** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Linking devices are neither nouns, nor verbs. They provide a text with cohesion and illustrate how the parts of the text relate to each other. Here are some of the functions which linking words provide. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Adding extra information to the main point, contrasting ideas, expressing cause and effect, showing exactly when something happened (narrating), expressing purpose (why?) and opinion, listing examples, making conclusions and giving emphasis. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Here is a list of the principal linking words in English, their function and if their position is usually fixed. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**__Linking words - by Viv Quarry__** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Adding and** || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Contrasting** || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Expressing cause / reason** || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">*and <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">as well as  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">besides <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Moreover, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Furthermore, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">What is more, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In addition, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">not only .... but also <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">another point is that <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**__relative clauses__** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">who where <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">that ,which <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">whose to whom <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">when what <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">why || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">*but <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">However, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Although <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">despite <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In spite of  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Nevertheless, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">On the contrary, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">on the one hand <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">on the other hand, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">whereas <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">while <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">but while <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In contrast, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Neither...nor || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">because <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">as <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">since <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">This is why <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">because of  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Due to   <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Owing to   <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">For this reason, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**__Expressing effect / result__** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">*so <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">so....that <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">such a...that <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Therefore <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Thus <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Consequently, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">As a result, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">too...for/to <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">not enough...for/to || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Narration** || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Expressing purpose** || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">First (of all) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">At first <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">At the beginning <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In the beginning <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">then <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">next <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Before <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">After <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">After that <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">When <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">While <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">during <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Soon || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">immediately <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Once <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Suddenly <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">As soon as  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">on <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">No sooner....than <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Hardly...when <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Finally <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Eventually <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">At the end <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In the end <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">At last <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">To begin with, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">until || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">to <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">so as to  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">in order that <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">so that <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">for (Non-specific) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**__Expressing opinion__** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">I would say that <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In my opinion, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">I think (that) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">I believe (that) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Personally <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Apparently, || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Giving examples** || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Summing up / concluding** || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">**Emphasis** || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">for example, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">for instance, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">For one thing, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">this includes <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">such as e.g.. (for example) <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">i.e. (that is) || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">All in all <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">overall <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">generally <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">In conclusion, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">on the whole <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">in the main <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">To sum up, || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">especially <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">particularly <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Naturally, <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">exactly because <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">above all <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Whatever <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Whenever <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">too / enough <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The more .... || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">* Avoid starting a sentence with these words. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The linking words beginning with a capital letter often start a sentence, For those without, position in a sentence is optional. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Read more on linking words at @http://www.somers.k12.ny.us/sis/MAIN/writing/transitional_words.html

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= = = = = = = = Credits:

@http://esl.about.com/od/grammarintermediate/p/tip126.htm @http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/firstconditional/menu.php